Personal pronouns:

S
O
Adj.
Pro.
Reflexive pronouns

I
me
my
mine
myself

you
you
your
yours
yourself/ yourselves

we
us
our
ours
ourselves

they
them
their
theirs
themselves

he
him
his
his
himself

she
her
her
hers
herself

it
it
its
its
itself

 Đổi thì của câu:Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ (các thì xuống cấp):
Thì trong Lời nói trực tiếp
Thì trong Lời nói gián tiếp

- Hiện tại đơn
- Hiện tại tiếp diễn
- Hiện tại hoàn thành
- Hiện tại hoàn thành TD
- Quá khứ đơn
- Quá khứ hoàn thành
- Tương lai đơn
- Tương lai TD
- Is/am/are going to do
- Can/may/must do
- Quá khứ đơn
- Quá khứ tiếp diễn
- Quá khứ hoàn thành
- Quá khứ hoàn thành TD
- Quá khứ hoàn thành
- Quá khứ hoàn thành (không đổi)
- Tương lai trong quá khứ
- Tương lai TD trong quá khứ
- Was/were going to do
- Could/might/had to do

Các trường hợp không đổi thời
– Sự thật, sự việc luôn luôn đúng:
“The earth moves round the sun” he said. –> He said that the earth moves round the sun.
– Câu điều kiện loại II và III:
“if I were you, I would leave here” he said. –> He said that if he were me, he would leave there.
Ex: He said, “If I had much money, I wouldn’t live here.” = He said if he had much money, he wouldn’t live there.
– Wish + past simple/ past perfect:
“I wish I lived in Da Nang”, he said. –– Cấu trúc “it’s time somebody did something”:
“it’s time he woke up”, she said. –> She said it was time he woke up.
> He said he wished he lived in Da Nang.

Các thay đổi ở trạng từ không gian và thời gian:
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp

This
That
These
Here
Now
Today
Ago
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Yesterday
Thedaybeforeyesterday
Next week
Last week
Last year
That
That
Those
There
Then
That day
Before
The next day / the following day
In two day’s time/two days after
The day before/the previous day
Two day before
The following week
The previous week / the week before
The previous year / the year before

– Would/ should/ ought to/ had better/ used to/might không chuyển:
“ You’d better work hard” he said –> He said that I had better work hard.
- Động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn (say/ says), hiện tại tiếp diễn (is/ are saying ), hiện tại hoàn thành (have/ has said) hoặc tương lai đơn (will say)
Ex: Tom says, ‘I’m tired’
–> Tom says (that) he’s tired.
Has the taxi arrived yet? He was wondering.
–>He was wondering if the taxi has arrived yet.
- Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định.
Ex: he said, “I was born in 1980.” = He said that he was born in 1980.




Change into reported speech: Statements:
1. She said:” I can’t find my umbrella.”
1. Tom said:” My friend is coming next week.”
→
2. We said:” We shall overcome this difficulty.”
→ …………………………...........................................................………
3. The boy said to the neighbor:” I’m going on holiday tomorrow.”
→ ………………………….........................................................................……………
4. The teacher said to his class:” You will have to finish all these exercises before next week.”
→ …………………………......................................................................................………………
5. Peter said:” I enjoy looking at myself in the mirror.”
→ …………………………......................................................................................……………
6. Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock.”
( Nam said…………………………............................................................
7. Lan said “I will be very busy tomorrow.”
( Lan said………………………….......................................................…
8. Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week.”
( Thu said………………………….................................................................
9. Phong said “My parents are very proud of my good marks.”
( Phong said………………………….......................................................................……………
10. My teacher said to me “You should read these books.”
( My teacher told …………………………......................................................................................…
Hoa said “I may visit my parents next summer.”
( Hoa said…………………………..................................................................................
Her father said to her “You can